Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security mechanism that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a resource such as an application, online account, or a VPN. Unlike traditional single-factor authentication, where a user only needs to enter a password, MFA adds additional layers of security, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to breach an account or system.
The factors in MFA are categorized into three main types:
- Something You Know: This includes passwords, PINs, or answers to security questions.
- Something You Have: This refers to physical devices or digital tools in possession of the user, such as security tokens, smartphones (for receiving SMS codes or using authentication apps), or smart cards.
- Something You Are: This involves biometric verification methods like fingerprint scans, facial recognition, or retina scans.
By requiring multiple forms of verification, MFA significantly enhances security by ensuring that even if one factor (e.g., a password) is compromised, unauthorized access is still prevented without the second or third factor. MFA is widely used in various industries, especially in banking, healthcare, and corporate environments, to protect sensitive data and user identities.